대형카메라 의 노출보정
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퍼왔읍니다
초보님들께 도움이 되었으면 해서.........^&^
가까운 거리의 피사체를 촬영할 수록 주름막(bellows)을 점점 뒤로 당겨야 하지요? 그만큼 렌즈와 필름판사이의 거리가 멀어지게 되고 더많은 빛을 요하게 됩니다. 렌즈의 기본 초점거리를 넘길 경우 보정해줘야 합니다.
즉, 렌즈에 써있는 숫자보다 주름막의 길이가 길면 긴 만큼 보정해 줘야합니다. (인치당 1/3 stop)
초점거리(Focal length) : 렌즈와 필름판사이의 거리 ; 렌즈에 써있는 숫자 (mm)
1. 몇 mm 렌즈입니까? _____mm
2. 렌즈에 써있는 숫자가 초점거리(Focal length)를 말합니다. 인치로 바꾸어보세요 (초점거리 = 렌즈(mm)/25)
- 예, 210mm렌즈를 가지고 계신다면... 210mm=8인치가 나오고 이것이 이 렌즈의 초점거리입니다. 즉, 렌즈와 필름판까지의 주름막이 8인치까지는 보정이 필요없고 더 당겼을 경우 인치당 1/3stop을 보정하시면 됩니다.
참고로, 렌즈의 초점거리(렌즈에 써있는 숫자)의 배수만큼의 거리보다 가까운 사물을 촬영할때 보정이 필요하게 됩니다.
예, 8인치 x 8 인치 = 64인치 즉, 렌즈부터 64인치보다 가까운 사물을 촬영할때 주름막의 길이는 8인치를 넘어감을 알 수 있을 것입니다.
위의 렌즈를 사용하여 촬영할 경우 만약 주름막의 길이(렌즈부터 필름판까지의 거리)가 12인치가 되었다면,
1 1/3stop만큼의 빛을 더 보충해 주여야 하겠죠?
또한 더 정확한 노출값을 주시려면, 가지고 계시는 렌즈의 shutter speed의 오차도 측정하셔야 합니다.
대부분의 렌즈는 오차가 있습니다. 셔터 속도가 빨라질 수록 오차의 범위가 대체로 커지게 됩니다.
렌즈의 오차를 교정하는 것도 방법이겠고, 내가 가지고 있는 렌즈의 오차를 알면 좀 더 저렴하게 정확한 노출값을 얻을 수 있으리라 생각됩니다.
Bellows extension exposure compensation
Compiled by Q.-Tuan Luong for the Large Format Page
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Formulas
Michael Gudzinowicz:
Multiply the marked f-stop by (1 + M), where M is the magnification on the ground glass. Alternatively, mark & measure the position of the lens at infinity focus, and then measure the ground glass to lens distance at close focus. Divide the total extension at close focus by the former number (near infinity, which should be close to the focal length for most LF lenses), and the resultant f-stop factor will be the same (or close enough).
By Richard Koser
When the bellows is extended beyond infinity focus for close-up work, an exposure FACTOR must be determined and applied. Two convenient ways of finding the FACTOR are:
a) When the camera is focused at infinity, note a point on the camera and another on the lens (e.g., diaphragm) such that the distance between them is equal to the focal length (call it F). Then, when the bellows is extended for close-up focus, the extension between those two points will be greater than F (call it E). The exposure factor will be (E/F) squared. For example, extending the bellows to twice-F to focus for an object-to-image ratio of 1:1, the FACTOR will be 4.
b) Measure the object width or height (call it O) and that of it's image on the ground-glass (call it o). The exposure factor will be (o/O+1) squared. For example, focusing for an object-to-image ratio of 1:1, the FACTOR will be (1/1 + 1) squared, or 4.
Applying the FACTOR:
If 4 times the exposure is required (per the examples above), open up the lens 2 stops or increase the exposure time 4-fold.
Two complications often arise.
Firstly, it is hard, maybe even impossible, to measure bellows extension when using swings, tilts, rise/fall and combinations thereof; thus the object-to-image measurements are useful (indeed, Calumet offers a handy plastic template, based on that principle, calibrated directly in stops).
Secondly, FACTORs of 2, 4, 8, etc. obviously correspond to 1, 2, 3, etc. stops; what about a FACTOR of 3?? To convert FACTORs to stops, use a scientific calculator; (log FACTOR/log 2) or (ln FACTOR/ln 2) equals stops. For a FACTOR of 3, (log 3/log 2) equals (.48/.3) equals 1.6 stops.
By Roy Harrington
The formula (Extension/FocalLength) **2 is basically correct. The focal length is basically the distance from the center of lens (where the aperture is) to the film plane when the lens is focused at infinity. So a 12inch lens will have 12 inches of bellows when focused at infinity. You move the lens farther away from the film in order to focus on something closer. The new distance of the lens from the film is the "extension" (not the distance to what your focused on). For instance if you move the lens to 24 inches from the film, objects another 24 inches in front of the lens will be in focus. The image will be the same size as the object i.e. 1:1 magnification and the bellows compensation will be (24/12)**2 = 4 or 2 stops more exposure needed.
Personally, I like to do the calculation directly with the aperture and thereby eliminate the square in the formula. For example the 12 inch lens at 24 inch extension just doubles the effective aperture number so f/16 is really f/32. Its very easy to use the aperture scale on the front of the lens as a visual aid in this calculation. If you had an 8inch lens f/8 just becomes f/N when you have N inches of extension. Many of the lenses have 1/3 stop marks and if you can interpolate between the full stop markings and use inchs, mm, cm etc you can fairly easily figure out what compensation to make without a calculator or any other fancy device.
Some examples if my description is not clear. 1/3 stop values approx: f/8,9,10 f/11,12.5,14 f/16,18,20 f/22,25,28 f/32,36,40 f/45
Lens: Extension: Compens:
8in 12.5in 1 1/3 stops -- f/8 to f/12.5
180mm 220mm 2/3 stops -- f/18 to f/22
125mm 200mm 1 1/3 stops -- f/12.5 to f/20
5in 7in 1 stop (think f/10 to f/14)
The nice thing about this is the change can be made right on the lens without even counting the 1/3 stops.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Computing tricks
Using the relationships between f/stops
By Nicholas F. Hanks
We're going to use the relationships between f/stops to determine the additional exposure needed when extending the bellows. First, consider the bellows at infinity as an f/stop type of number. That is, say your 120mm lens is "f/"120, but to bring things down to familiar f/'s, well divide everything by 10, so call it "f/"12. We're now dealing in centimeters, but it doesn't much matter. Let's say you move your bellows out to 160 mm. We'll call that "f/"16. What this says is that we've gone from "f/"12 to "f/"16 which is about one stop. So we've doubled our exposure requirements. Either open up one stop or double your time. Similarly, if we extend to 240mm it becomes "f/"24, which is two stops more exposure or four times the time.
This becomes a little confusing when working with odd numbers. A 90 mm lens extended to 130mm is the difference between f/9 and f/13 which is somewhere between familiar territory. Take a look down at the f/ scale and make an estimate, and it's probably good enough.
It's also hard to know where to measure to. It should be from the iris to film plane, but sometimes the infinity setting doesn't seem to measure what I would expect it to based on the lens' focal length. It's best just to measure at infinity, then measure at the extension and make the calculation.
While the method seems whimsical, it is based on sound engineering principles. Remember that the f/stop is the ratio of the diameter of the iris divided into the focal length. An f/8 with a 120mm lens would be 15mm in diameter. However, the amount of light is dependent on the area (pi x r^2). The area or a 15mm hole is 175.7 square mm. To double the light you would double the area to 353.4 sq.mm. This gives us a 21.2mm diameter hole which gives an f/ of 120mm/21.2mm which is f/5.6. If you do the calculations for f/4 you'll see that the hole is twice the diameter (8 divided by 4) but four times the light area. Conversely, f/16 is 1/2 the hole diameter but 1/4 the light. Notice that there's a square relationship here.
So what?!!
As it turns, as you move the lens out from the film plane, the amount of area on which light falls also increases in size and thus decreases in density by a square relationship as well. Thus, as you move a 120mm lens to 240mm, although twice the distance, the area on which light projects is 4 times as much (2 squared) resulting in 1/4 the density.
Thus, the f/ scale on the lens with which we are all familiar provides us with a handy scale showing a square relationship which we can also use as a key for our bellows extension.
A Fast Method to Calculate Bellows Extension Factor
By John A. Cook
There is an old saying that as photographers get older they don?t get any better, but they do get faster. During my many years as a studio product photographer, I never had the luxury of spending a lot of time agonizing over technique. There was always a budget and a deadline nipping at my heels.
Of necessity, I learned many shortcuts to get through the mountains of products I was assigned to shoot. This is one of them.
This method for calculating bellows extension is predicated on the relationship between the extension of the bellows (in inches) and common f-stop numbers. It requires no fancy gadgets to purchase nor algebraic formulae to memorize. You don?t even need batteries.
Step One:
Make a permanent, durable list of the following F-numbers. (You can also find them on your light meter.) Note that they are shown in 1/3 stops. Those with asterisks indicate "whole" stops:
3.5
4 *
4.5
5
5.6 *
6.3
7.1
8 *
9
10
11 *
13
14
16 *
18
20
22 *
25
28
32 *
Step Two:
Calculate the focal length of your lenses in inches, rather than millimeters, by dividing by 25.4. Photography is not an exact science - it?s okay to round off these numbers.
90mm = 3.5" 150mm = 6" 210mm = 8.26" 240mm = 9.4" 300mm = 11.8"
Step three:
When you are ready to make the exposure, measure the view camera?s extension from the ground glass to the lens board in inches. Measure from the center of the lens board to the center of the ground glass so as to not introduce errors from extreme swings and/or tilts.
Compare this distance to the focal length (or flange distance) of the lens and relate these two numbers to the above list of f-stops. Their difference will indicate the number of stops you must increase the exposure.
For example: a 210mm or 8" lens with 11" of bellows requires a one stop exposure increase (the difference between f8 and f11).
A 240mm or 9.4" lens with 14" of bellows requires a one and one- third stop increase (difference between f9 and f14).
A 90mm or 3.5" lens with 4.5" of bellows requires a two-thirds stop exposure increase. And so on.
This method is not accurate for telephoto lenses, whose optical center is not near the lens board. To ensure always having a bellows measuring device handy, I sewed a cloth tailor's tape measure to the edge of my focusing cloth.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Devices
A tape
Making a "custom" tape measure means you can leave the calculator at home. Stanley makes a very small (approx 1.5" x 1.5" x .3") version of their spring-retracting "carpenter's" tape measure. Do the calculations, (once) mark the back of the tape, and you can find exposure comp in a few seconds. It is especially useful for telephoto lens designs that don't conform to the usual exposure comp formulas. I have one marked at 1/3 stop increments using different colored marks for each lens. Works great. Chris Ellinger
A fixed scale
Where I only have one lens, a 127mm (5 inch), I figured that a simple scale on the bed next to the focusing rails calibrated in both stops and time increase would do the job. Probably many people have already thought of this where it is so simple but where this is all new to me, ignorance is bliss. I used a paint program on the computer with the measured values printed on heavy card stock which I cut to size. The scale is held in place with the three screws that hold the bed together so there is no modification of the camera and it is simple to change. If I had two lenses a second scale could be put on the other side as well, three lenses and I'm in trouble, but I probably couldn't afford them anyway. I've attached a JPEG picture to show the first revision I made before I noticed where the screws would be so I've moved stuff slightly so the screws don't cover some of the printing on the scale. With modification this could be used on any large format camera. Richard
Geoff Bowker's bellows extension charting package
Here is a small excel spreadsheet that will calculate f stop corrections for any lenses. just feed in the focal length and it will produce a grid of f stop corrections and also a useful graph in 1/4 stop increments.
Philipp Salzgeber's QuickDisc
The QuickDisc is a simple and useful tool. The use of the QuickDisc involves no calculation, it is lightweight, easy to replace and free for personal use. It consists of two pieces of cardboard, the disc, and the measuring strip.
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도움이 되셨길 바랍니다.
초보님들께 도움이 되었으면 해서.........^&^
가까운 거리의 피사체를 촬영할 수록 주름막(bellows)을 점점 뒤로 당겨야 하지요? 그만큼 렌즈와 필름판사이의 거리가 멀어지게 되고 더많은 빛을 요하게 됩니다. 렌즈의 기본 초점거리를 넘길 경우 보정해줘야 합니다.
즉, 렌즈에 써있는 숫자보다 주름막의 길이가 길면 긴 만큼 보정해 줘야합니다. (인치당 1/3 stop)
초점거리(Focal length) : 렌즈와 필름판사이의 거리 ; 렌즈에 써있는 숫자 (mm)
1. 몇 mm 렌즈입니까? _____mm
2. 렌즈에 써있는 숫자가 초점거리(Focal length)를 말합니다. 인치로 바꾸어보세요 (초점거리 = 렌즈(mm)/25)
- 예, 210mm렌즈를 가지고 계신다면... 210mm=8인치가 나오고 이것이 이 렌즈의 초점거리입니다. 즉, 렌즈와 필름판까지의 주름막이 8인치까지는 보정이 필요없고 더 당겼을 경우 인치당 1/3stop을 보정하시면 됩니다.
참고로, 렌즈의 초점거리(렌즈에 써있는 숫자)의 배수만큼의 거리보다 가까운 사물을 촬영할때 보정이 필요하게 됩니다.
예, 8인치 x 8 인치 = 64인치 즉, 렌즈부터 64인치보다 가까운 사물을 촬영할때 주름막의 길이는 8인치를 넘어감을 알 수 있을 것입니다.
위의 렌즈를 사용하여 촬영할 경우 만약 주름막의 길이(렌즈부터 필름판까지의 거리)가 12인치가 되었다면,
1 1/3stop만큼의 빛을 더 보충해 주여야 하겠죠?
또한 더 정확한 노출값을 주시려면, 가지고 계시는 렌즈의 shutter speed의 오차도 측정하셔야 합니다.
대부분의 렌즈는 오차가 있습니다. 셔터 속도가 빨라질 수록 오차의 범위가 대체로 커지게 됩니다.
렌즈의 오차를 교정하는 것도 방법이겠고, 내가 가지고 있는 렌즈의 오차를 알면 좀 더 저렴하게 정확한 노출값을 얻을 수 있으리라 생각됩니다.
Bellows extension exposure compensation
Compiled by Q.-Tuan Luong for the Large Format Page
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Formulas
Michael Gudzinowicz:
Multiply the marked f-stop by (1 + M), where M is the magnification on the ground glass. Alternatively, mark & measure the position of the lens at infinity focus, and then measure the ground glass to lens distance at close focus. Divide the total extension at close focus by the former number (near infinity, which should be close to the focal length for most LF lenses), and the resultant f-stop factor will be the same (or close enough).
By Richard Koser
When the bellows is extended beyond infinity focus for close-up work, an exposure FACTOR must be determined and applied. Two convenient ways of finding the FACTOR are:
a) When the camera is focused at infinity, note a point on the camera and another on the lens (e.g., diaphragm) such that the distance between them is equal to the focal length (call it F). Then, when the bellows is extended for close-up focus, the extension between those two points will be greater than F (call it E). The exposure factor will be (E/F) squared. For example, extending the bellows to twice-F to focus for an object-to-image ratio of 1:1, the FACTOR will be 4.
b) Measure the object width or height (call it O) and that of it's image on the ground-glass (call it o). The exposure factor will be (o/O+1) squared. For example, focusing for an object-to-image ratio of 1:1, the FACTOR will be (1/1 + 1) squared, or 4.
Applying the FACTOR:
If 4 times the exposure is required (per the examples above), open up the lens 2 stops or increase the exposure time 4-fold.
Two complications often arise.
Firstly, it is hard, maybe even impossible, to measure bellows extension when using swings, tilts, rise/fall and combinations thereof; thus the object-to-image measurements are useful (indeed, Calumet offers a handy plastic template, based on that principle, calibrated directly in stops).
Secondly, FACTORs of 2, 4, 8, etc. obviously correspond to 1, 2, 3, etc. stops; what about a FACTOR of 3?? To convert FACTORs to stops, use a scientific calculator; (log FACTOR/log 2) or (ln FACTOR/ln 2) equals stops. For a FACTOR of 3, (log 3/log 2) equals (.48/.3) equals 1.6 stops.
By Roy Harrington
The formula (Extension/FocalLength) **2 is basically correct. The focal length is basically the distance from the center of lens (where the aperture is) to the film plane when the lens is focused at infinity. So a 12inch lens will have 12 inches of bellows when focused at infinity. You move the lens farther away from the film in order to focus on something closer. The new distance of the lens from the film is the "extension" (not the distance to what your focused on). For instance if you move the lens to 24 inches from the film, objects another 24 inches in front of the lens will be in focus. The image will be the same size as the object i.e. 1:1 magnification and the bellows compensation will be (24/12)**2 = 4 or 2 stops more exposure needed.
Personally, I like to do the calculation directly with the aperture and thereby eliminate the square in the formula. For example the 12 inch lens at 24 inch extension just doubles the effective aperture number so f/16 is really f/32. Its very easy to use the aperture scale on the front of the lens as a visual aid in this calculation. If you had an 8inch lens f/8 just becomes f/N when you have N inches of extension. Many of the lenses have 1/3 stop marks and if you can interpolate between the full stop markings and use inchs, mm, cm etc you can fairly easily figure out what compensation to make without a calculator or any other fancy device.
Some examples if my description is not clear. 1/3 stop values approx: f/8,9,10 f/11,12.5,14 f/16,18,20 f/22,25,28 f/32,36,40 f/45
Lens: Extension: Compens:
8in 12.5in 1 1/3 stops -- f/8 to f/12.5
180mm 220mm 2/3 stops -- f/18 to f/22
125mm 200mm 1 1/3 stops -- f/12.5 to f/20
5in 7in 1 stop (think f/10 to f/14)
The nice thing about this is the change can be made right on the lens without even counting the 1/3 stops.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Computing tricks
Using the relationships between f/stops
By Nicholas F. Hanks
We're going to use the relationships between f/stops to determine the additional exposure needed when extending the bellows. First, consider the bellows at infinity as an f/stop type of number. That is, say your 120mm lens is "f/"120, but to bring things down to familiar f/'s, well divide everything by 10, so call it "f/"12. We're now dealing in centimeters, but it doesn't much matter. Let's say you move your bellows out to 160 mm. We'll call that "f/"16. What this says is that we've gone from "f/"12 to "f/"16 which is about one stop. So we've doubled our exposure requirements. Either open up one stop or double your time. Similarly, if we extend to 240mm it becomes "f/"24, which is two stops more exposure or four times the time.
This becomes a little confusing when working with odd numbers. A 90 mm lens extended to 130mm is the difference between f/9 and f/13 which is somewhere between familiar territory. Take a look down at the f/ scale and make an estimate, and it's probably good enough.
It's also hard to know where to measure to. It should be from the iris to film plane, but sometimes the infinity setting doesn't seem to measure what I would expect it to based on the lens' focal length. It's best just to measure at infinity, then measure at the extension and make the calculation.
While the method seems whimsical, it is based on sound engineering principles. Remember that the f/stop is the ratio of the diameter of the iris divided into the focal length. An f/8 with a 120mm lens would be 15mm in diameter. However, the amount of light is dependent on the area (pi x r^2). The area or a 15mm hole is 175.7 square mm. To double the light you would double the area to 353.4 sq.mm. This gives us a 21.2mm diameter hole which gives an f/ of 120mm/21.2mm which is f/5.6. If you do the calculations for f/4 you'll see that the hole is twice the diameter (8 divided by 4) but four times the light area. Conversely, f/16 is 1/2 the hole diameter but 1/4 the light. Notice that there's a square relationship here.
So what?!!
As it turns, as you move the lens out from the film plane, the amount of area on which light falls also increases in size and thus decreases in density by a square relationship as well. Thus, as you move a 120mm lens to 240mm, although twice the distance, the area on which light projects is 4 times as much (2 squared) resulting in 1/4 the density.
Thus, the f/ scale on the lens with which we are all familiar provides us with a handy scale showing a square relationship which we can also use as a key for our bellows extension.
A Fast Method to Calculate Bellows Extension Factor
By John A. Cook
There is an old saying that as photographers get older they don?t get any better, but they do get faster. During my many years as a studio product photographer, I never had the luxury of spending a lot of time agonizing over technique. There was always a budget and a deadline nipping at my heels.
Of necessity, I learned many shortcuts to get through the mountains of products I was assigned to shoot. This is one of them.
This method for calculating bellows extension is predicated on the relationship between the extension of the bellows (in inches) and common f-stop numbers. It requires no fancy gadgets to purchase nor algebraic formulae to memorize. You don?t even need batteries.
Step One:
Make a permanent, durable list of the following F-numbers. (You can also find them on your light meter.) Note that they are shown in 1/3 stops. Those with asterisks indicate "whole" stops:
3.5
4 *
4.5
5
5.6 *
6.3
7.1
8 *
9
10
11 *
13
14
16 *
18
20
22 *
25
28
32 *
Step Two:
Calculate the focal length of your lenses in inches, rather than millimeters, by dividing by 25.4. Photography is not an exact science - it?s okay to round off these numbers.
90mm = 3.5" 150mm = 6" 210mm = 8.26" 240mm = 9.4" 300mm = 11.8"
Step three:
When you are ready to make the exposure, measure the view camera?s extension from the ground glass to the lens board in inches. Measure from the center of the lens board to the center of the ground glass so as to not introduce errors from extreme swings and/or tilts.
Compare this distance to the focal length (or flange distance) of the lens and relate these two numbers to the above list of f-stops. Their difference will indicate the number of stops you must increase the exposure.
For example: a 210mm or 8" lens with 11" of bellows requires a one stop exposure increase (the difference between f8 and f11).
A 240mm or 9.4" lens with 14" of bellows requires a one and one- third stop increase (difference between f9 and f14).
A 90mm or 3.5" lens with 4.5" of bellows requires a two-thirds stop exposure increase. And so on.
This method is not accurate for telephoto lenses, whose optical center is not near the lens board. To ensure always having a bellows measuring device handy, I sewed a cloth tailor's tape measure to the edge of my focusing cloth.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Devices
A tape
Making a "custom" tape measure means you can leave the calculator at home. Stanley makes a very small (approx 1.5" x 1.5" x .3") version of their spring-retracting "carpenter's" tape measure. Do the calculations, (once) mark the back of the tape, and you can find exposure comp in a few seconds. It is especially useful for telephoto lens designs that don't conform to the usual exposure comp formulas. I have one marked at 1/3 stop increments using different colored marks for each lens. Works great. Chris Ellinger
A fixed scale
Where I only have one lens, a 127mm (5 inch), I figured that a simple scale on the bed next to the focusing rails calibrated in both stops and time increase would do the job. Probably many people have already thought of this where it is so simple but where this is all new to me, ignorance is bliss. I used a paint program on the computer with the measured values printed on heavy card stock which I cut to size. The scale is held in place with the three screws that hold the bed together so there is no modification of the camera and it is simple to change. If I had two lenses a second scale could be put on the other side as well, three lenses and I'm in trouble, but I probably couldn't afford them anyway. I've attached a JPEG picture to show the first revision I made before I noticed where the screws would be so I've moved stuff slightly so the screws don't cover some of the printing on the scale. With modification this could be used on any large format camera. Richard
Geoff Bowker's bellows extension charting package
Here is a small excel spreadsheet that will calculate f stop corrections for any lenses. just feed in the focal length and it will produce a grid of f stop corrections and also a useful graph in 1/4 stop increments.
Philipp Salzgeber's QuickDisc
The QuickDisc is a simple and useful tool. The use of the QuickDisc involves no calculation, it is lightweight, easy to replace and free for personal use. It consists of two pieces of cardboard, the disc, and the measuring strip.
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